The number of days per year (or per renewal period) that a residency permit or citizenship program requires an individual to physically spend in the country to maintain their status. Presence requirements range from zero days to 183 days or more, and they serve both practical and political functions — ensuring that permit holders maintain a genuine connection to the country while also providing governments with a mechanism to demonstrate investor engagement to their own citizens.
A minimum presence requirement is the government's way of saying "we want you to actually use this residency, not just hold it as a paper asset." If a government offers residency-by-investment to foreigners, it's reasonable from a public relations perspective for them to require that investors occasionally show up. Otherwise, constituents complain: "We're selling residency to people who will never set foot here?"
Presence requirements also serve a tax function. Many countries define tax residency as spending 183 days or more in the country during a calendar year. If you physically spend time in the country, you start spending money there — you're renting or buying property, eating at restaurants, hiring services. The economic benefit to the country increases with presence.
Presence requirements are also enforcement mechanisms. If a program requires 90 days of presence annually, the government can use that requirement as leverage. If you're not present enough, they can refuse to renew your permit, essentially forcing you out. This gives governments control over permit holders who might otherwise be passive investors with no real connection to the country.
For most residency-by-investment programs, presence requirements are intentionally light because the programs are designed for passive investors who have no intention of relocating. But they're non-zero because the programs need to maintain legitimacy.
Requirements vary more than most people realize.
Portugal's golden visa has historically required just 7 days of presence in the first year and 14 days in each subsequent two-year period. Seven days per year. This is one of the lightest requirements in the world. You could spend a long weekend in Lisbon in January, another long weekend in July, and you're compliant for the year. This light requirement is one of the primary reasons Portugal's golden visa was so popular until the program was shut down in March 2024.
Spain's golden visa has no minimum presence requirement for maintaining the initial permit. You can obtain a golden visa and never visit Spain again. Technically, you maintain residency status forever. However, Spain introduced new rules for renewals — subsequent renewals may require presence, and there's movement toward tightening the rules. But for many investors who obtained Spanish golden visas before 2024, the presence requirement is zero.
Greece's golden visa has zero minimum presence requirement. You obtain a golden visa by investing €250,000 in real estate, and you can own the property without ever visiting Greece. This is one of the reasons it's popular with passive investors who just want a visa for travel purposes but have no intention of relocating.
Ireland's Immigrant Investor Programme requires that you invest €500,000 and be prepared to maintain "business operations" in Ireland, but there's no explicit daily presence requirement. The program is vague about presence, which creates uncertainty for applicants.
UAE residency requires entry into the country at least once every 6 months to maintain status. Miss a 6-month window and your residency is canceled upon re-entry. This is enforced through automated border systems — your entry date is recorded and the system flags exits if you're approaching the 6-month limit.
Singapore's Global Investor Programme requires establishing a business presence in Singapore and spending significant time there. There's no explicit minimum, but the program expects genuine engagement. You can't invest in a Singapore company and then never visit. The immigration authority conducts compliance checks.
This is where citizenship-by-investment programs fundamentally differ from residency-by-investment programs. Most CBI programs have no minimum presence requirement for citizenship itself.
Once you obtain citizenship in the Caribbean (St. Kitts, Grenada, Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda, etc.), Vanuatu, or Turkey, you're a citizen whether you ever visit the country or not. You can hold a Grenadian passport for 50 years, never set foot in Grenada, and technically maintain full citizenship status. The government can't revoke your citizenship just because you haven't been there.
Why? Because citizenship is fundamentally different from residency. Residency is a permission to live in a country. Citizenship is membership in a nation-state. You don't lose membership in your club because you haven't visited the clubhouse in a year. Similarly, you don't lose citizenship because you haven't visited the country.
This is one of the key advantages of CBI over residency-by-investment. You get a second passport and can travel on that passport anywhere it's accepted (visa-free to 160+ countries depending on the program), and you have zero obligation to physically be in the country. For investors who want geographic flexibility or who want to maintain residency in their home country, this is invaluable.
Here's where people get confused. If you hold residency and want to eventually naturalize (become a citizen), presence requirements become much stricter.
Portugal's golden visa had zero or minimal presence requirements for residency, but if you wanted to naturalize as a Portuguese citizen after 5 years of residency, you needed to actually spend time in the country and demonstrate genuine integration. You needed to show that you'd been physically present, that you'd learned the language, that you had community ties. The presence requirement for naturalization was much stricter than for residency.
Spain requires 10 years of continuous residency before you can become a Spanish citizen. During that 10 years, you need to demonstrate actual residence — living in a property, being registered with local authorities, paying taxes, integrating into the community. You can't get a Spanish golden visa and never visit for 10 years and then naturalize. The presence requirement is implicit in what residency and integration mean.
Most European countries have similar structures: light or zero presence requirements for residency-by-investment, but strict presence requirements (often measured in years of actual living) for naturalization.
This distinction catches people off guard. An investor gets a Portuguese golden visa thinking they have zero obligation to be in Portugal, and 10 years later they want to become Portuguese citizens for their children's benefit. Suddenly they realize they need to have been physically present and integrated during those 10 years. If they've been absent, they can't naturalize.
The lesson: don't confuse residency presence requirements with naturalization presence requirements. They're completely different.
Many countries define tax residency as spending 183 days or more in the country during a calendar year. This is relevant to presence requirements because it creates a tension.
If a golden visa requires you to spend 90 days in Portugal annually to maintain residency, and you're not yet tax resident in Portugal, you might think "I'll spend exactly 90 days in Portugal and zero days in any other country, so I don't trigger tax residency anywhere." But if you're a U.S. citizen, you're tax resident in the U.S. globally under FATCA. If you're a citizen of most other countries and you spend 183 days in Portugal, you become Portuguese tax resident and owe tax on worldwide income.
This is where it gets complicated. You might want to satisfy the minimum presence requirement (90 days in Portugal) but not trigger tax residency (which happens at 183 days). The gap between 90 and 183 days gives you room to comply with the presence requirement while maintaining favorable tax status.
Conversely, if you're specifically trying to become tax resident in a low-tax jurisdiction (e.g., you're planning to move to Portugal because it has favorable tax treatment for foreign-source income for the first 10 years), you need to spend 183 days there. The minimum presence requirement (90 days) is insufficient for your actual goal. You need to plan for 183 days minimum.
This is flag theory and tax planning in action. Your presence strategy depends on your citizenship, your tax situation, and your goals. Some investors spend 90 days (meeting minimum presence), others spend 180 days (approaching but not exceeding tax residency threshold), and others spend 183+ days (deliberately becoming tax resident for favorable treatment).
Enforcement varies dramatically by program.
Portugal's golden visa program was historically lenient on enforcement. Applicants could stamp their passports a few times a year, show hotel receipts, and call it compliant. The government didn't conduct surprise inspections or hire investigators to confirm that applicants were actually sleeping in the country for the requisite days. Some applicants probably gamed the system and spent far fewer days than required. As the program faced international pressure and scrutiny, enforcement tightened, but it was never strict.
Singapore is the opposite. Singapore's programs are strictly enforced. If you claim to be starting a business in Singapore or maintaining a business presence, immigration officials will actually verify this. They'll check with the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority, interview business partners, and ask to see evidence of your involvement. If you can't demonstrate genuine business engagement, your permit won't be renewed. Singapore doesn't tolerate paper compliance.
UAE enforces the 6-month rule through automated border systems. Every time you enter or exit the UAE, your entry date is recorded. The system automatically flags your file if you're approaching the 6-month limit. When you arrive at the airport, customs and border protection know exactly how long it's been since your last entry. This is technological enforcement — you can't game it.
Caribbean programs are somewhere in the middle. They don't have automated border systems (many are still using manual passport stamps), so enforcement depends on whether anyone is paying attention. For CBI citizenship, it doesn't matter because there's no presence requirement. For Caribbean RBI programs (which are rare), the presence requirement is usually not enforced unless the permit holder is being denied renewal for other reasons (like criminal activity or failure to pay taxes).
If a program requires you to be present for 90 days per year, how do you actually do it?
Frequent travelers who cross borders multiple times per year can accumulate presence through short visits. A 4-day trip to the country counts as 4 days of presence. If you make three 30-day trips per year, you're well above 90 days. If you make six 15-day trips, you hit 90 days. You can structure your travel around the requirement.
Some programs count partial days. If you arrive on a Tuesday and leave on a Wednesday, some governments count that as 2 days of presence, even if you were only physically there for 24 hours. This creates a small advantage for travelers who understand the rule — arrive on one calendar day, leave on the next, and that's technically 2 days of presence. You can shave a few days off the requirement this way.
Documentation matters. You need to maintain records — passport stamps, flight tickets, hotel receipts, property ownership documents. If you're ever questioned about your compliance, you need to prove you were physically present. A passport with stamps is the clearest evidence. Credit card receipts from hotels or restaurants provide corroborating evidence. If you own property in the country, that's additional evidence of presence.
Business meetings, property inspections, and family visits all serve dual duty as presence days. You can combine vacation, business activity, and presence requirement into a single visit. Spend 2 weeks in the country checking on your real estate investment, meeting with business advisors, and visiting family — that's 14 days of presence, all while conducting actual business and maintaining relationships.
Some investors hire local managers or accountants to oversee their investments or properties while they maintain a lighter physical presence themselves. You're not in the country, but your representatives are acting on your behalf. This doesn't technically satisfy a presence requirement, but it's the reality for passive investors who can't be present 183 days per year.
Your presence tolerance determines which programs make sense for you.
If you want a purely passive second citizenship with zero relocation plans and zero obligation to visit the country, CBI programs are the only option. Citizenship-by-investment, by definition, has no presence requirement. You can be a Grenadian citizen indefinitely without ever visiting Grenada.
If you're willing to make occasional trips (30-90 days per year) and want residency-by-investment, programs like Portugal (before it closed), Spain, or Greece worked well. Light presence requirement, genuine residency status, option to naturalize after several years of actual residence.
If you're planning eventual relocation or want to become tax resident in the country, you need to plan for 183 days minimum. This applies if you're moving to a low-tax jurisdiction for tax efficiency, or if you're genuinely relocating your life. The presence requirement becomes almost irrelevant because you're living there full-time anyway.
If you're trying to optimize for multiple countries (flag theory), you need to understand each country's presence requirement and how they interact with your tax residency in other countries. You might spend 90 days in Portugal, 90 days in UAE, and 90 days in Singapore, while maintaining your primary tax residency in a low-tax jurisdiction. This requires careful planning.
Most CBI clients choose CBI precisely because they don't want to deal with presence requirements at all. They want a second passport with zero obligations. For that population, presence requirements are a non-issue. For RBI clients, presence requirements are a critical factor in program selection and long-term planning.