Comparing the Cheapest Citizenship by Investment Countries in 2026
This guide covers the cheapest citizenship-by-investment programs in 2026, with updated costs, requirements, benefits, and key insights.
For years, the Caribbean owned the budget end of citizenship by investment. That changed in March 2024, when Caribbean nations collectively raised their minimum investments to $200,000, added mandatory interviews, and tightened due diligence across the board.
The price gap they left behind didn't stay empty for long. Four programs now sit well below that $200,000 Caribbean floor, and a couple of them start under $100,000 for a single applicant. They're spread across three continents and two oceans, and each one works differently enough that the "best" pick depends entirely on what you're trying to accomplish.
This guide breaks down what you actually get from Sao Tome and Principe, Vanuatu, Nauru, and Sierra Leone in 2026, including what each program costs, how long it takes, where the passport gets you, and where the hidden value (or hidden catches) are.
Sao Tome and Principe: the cheapest entry, with a long game attached
What the program is
Sao Tome and Principe is a small island nation in the Gulf of Guinea off Central Africa's west coast. Its CBI program runs under the Nationality Law (Decreto-Lei n.º 07/2025) and the Citizenship Act. The Citizenship by Investment Unit (CIU) administers it with support from STP Service Advisory FZCO (STPSA), operating out of Dubai.
Applicants make a non-refundable donation to the National Transformation Fund, which puts money into renewable energy, infrastructure, education, housing, and eco-tourism. Successful applicants get full citizenship, a passport, a national ID, and a citizenship certificate.
What it costs
This is currently the cheapest CBI entry point for a single applicant:
- Single applicant: USD 90,000 donation + USD 5,000 submission fee + USD 750 in document fees = roughly USD 95,750
- Family of up to four: USD 95,000 donation + USD 5,000 submission fee + document fees = roughly USD 100,750
- Each additional dependent beyond three: USD 5,000
- Adding dependents after approval: spouse USD 10,000, child USD 5,000, parent or grandparent USD 5,000, newborn (under 1 year) USD 500
- Sponsor due diligence: USD 5,000 if applicable
The family pricing is worth pausing on. A family of four pays only USD 5,000 more than a single applicant. That kind of spread just doesn't exist in other programs.
How long it takes
About six weeks on average, though some cases close in four. The entire process is remote. No visit to Sao Tome required, no biometrics. You need a passport photograph and that's it.
Where the passport gets you
Visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to about 61 destinations, including Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Africa. On paper, that's a smaller number than the other three programs in this comparison.
But most people aren't looking at Sao Tome for the stamp count.
The CPLP factor
Here's why this program keeps coming up in conversations. Sao Tome is a member of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), and that membership gives its citizens preferential treatment in Portugal and Brazil.
In Portugal, CPLP citizens get a simplified pathway to a residence visa. Current law requires about five years of legal residency before naturalization. Proposed legislation would set the CPLP timeline at seven years (compared to ten for non-CPLP citizens).
In Brazil, it's even faster. Standard naturalization takes four years of residency. CPLP citizens can naturalize after one year following two years of permanent residency, cutting the total to about three years.
So if your goal is eventually holding a Portuguese or Brazilian passport, Sao Tome is the cheapest front door to that path. No other program in this comparison offers anything similar.
Who qualifies
The program accepts applicants of all nationalities except North Korean citizens (due diligence limitations). Stateless persons can apply if they have any form of ID. Even expired passports work, with an affidavit explaining the circumstances.
Dependents can include spouses (monogamous marriage only), biological or adopted children up to age 30 (adults 18-30 must be unmarried and financially dependent), and parents or grandparents 55 and older. De facto partners qualify with government-issued proof of a shared address.
For source of funds, the program accepts cryptocurrency (with trading records and bank statements), divorce alimony, inheritance, and standard employment or business income. Non-blood relatives can sponsor applicants for an extra USD 5,000 due diligence fee.
The downsides
Fewer visa-free destinations than Vanuatu or Nauru. It's a newer program than the Caribbean options most people compare it to. And if you want to change your name post-approval, that's possible but slow: ministerial approval, USD 7,000, three to four months.
Vanuatu: the fastest passport in the world, plus zero income tax
What the program is
Vanuatu is a South Pacific archipelago with what is probably the most established budget CBI program still operating. It offers two pathways: the Development Support Program (DSP), a straight donation, and the Capital Investment Immigration Plan (CIIP), which combines a smaller donation with a refundable investment.
The Vanuatu Immigration and Membership Board (VIMB) and the Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) administer it. There's a two-stage process: pre-approval review, full application, probity checks, and a citizenship oath ceremony.
What it costs
Two pricing structures depending on which route you pick:
DSP (non-refundable donation):
- Single applicant: USD 130,000 contribution + USD 8,000 in fees + due diligence = around USD 138,000+
- Family of four: USD 180,000 contribution + fees = around USD 188,000+
CIIP (partially refundable):
- Single applicant to family of four: USD 157,000 total, which includes USD 50,000 invested in the CNO Future Fund, plus USD 5,000 DSP fee + USD 8,000 CIIP fee + due diligence (USD 5,500 per application)
- Each additional dependent: USD 25,000
The CIIP option is worth looking at closely. Of that USD 157,000, fifty thousand goes into the Coconut Oil (CNO) Future Fund, a government-approved vehicle backed by Vanuatu's National Provident Fund. It has a five-year term and you can redeem it at maturity. The fund reported returns of 15.75% after two quarters in 2024, though past performance is what it is.
For a couple, the CIIP route costs only about USD 7,000 more than the DSP, but USD 50,000 of that total is potentially coming back to you.
How long it takes
Vanuatu is the fastest CBI program in the world. Thirty days from application to passport in hand. Typical timeline is one to two months. Passports ship directly to you through your agent. No travel to Vanuatu required.
Where the passport gets you
Visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to roughly 95-118 destinations (the exact count depends on how you classify e-visas and visa-on-arrival). That includes Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Korea, Russia, the UK (up to 6 months on ETA), and the Schengen Area (pending ETIAS).
This is a much stronger travel document than anything else in this comparison.
Tax situation
Vanuatu has no income tax, no capital gains tax, no inheritance tax, no wealth tax, and no property tax for individuals. If you're structuring around taxes, it's hard to beat.
The tradeoff
It's the most expensive option in this comparison. Single applicants pay USD 138,000 to USD 157,000. But you're also getting the strongest passport, the fastest turnaround, and a program that's been running long enough to have a real track record.
Nauru: a time-limited discount and solid Asia-Pacific reach
What the program is
Nauru is the world's smallest island republic, sitting in Micronesia in the Central Pacific. It launched the Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Program (ECRCP) in November 2024, administered by the Nauru Program Office out of Auckland, New Zealand. Contributions fund climate resilience and national economic development.
The legal basis is the Nauru Economic and Climate Resilience Citizenship Act 2024 (No. 15 of 2024).
What it costs
Nauru has a two-tier pricing system, and timing matters:
After June 30, 2026:
- Single applicant: USD 115,000 contribution + USD 35,500 in fees = roughly USD 150,500
Before June 30, 2026 (promotional rate):
- USD 25,000 discount on the contribution
- Single applicant: USD 90,000 contribution + fees = roughly USD 125,500
That promotional pricing brings Nauru's contribution down to the same USD 90,000 as Sao Tome. But total fees push the all-in cost about USD 30,000 higher. And the discount window is closing. After June 30, you're looking at a program priced closer to Vanuatu.
How long it takes
Three to four months from submission to citizenship. Slower than Vanuatu's one-month turnaround, roughly in line with Caribbean programs.
Where the passport gets you
Visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to about 87-119 destinations (depending on counting methodology). Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, the UAE, Russia, the UK, plus British Overseas Territories and Dutch and French Pacific and Caribbean territories.
No Schengen access. But if your travel is mostly across Asia and the Pacific, it covers a lot of ground. Ranks around 60th globally.
What's different about this one
The climate resilience framing is new in the CBI space. Your contribution is positioned as supporting climate adaptation and economic diversification. For some applicants, that framing matters.
Operations run out of New Zealand, which gives the program an administrative base that's more accessible than Nauru's actual geographic location would suggest.
The catch
It comes down to timing. The USD 25,000 discount is doing a lot of heavy lifting for this program's value proposition. Once that expires, Nauru is a USD 150,000 program competing against Vanuatu's faster processing and stronger passport. The program is also young (launched late 2024), and some operational details around physical documents versus digital signatures are still being sorted out. Worth confirming current requirements with your agent before filing.
Sierra Leone: three different pathways, including one tied to gold
What the program is
Sierra Leone's GO-FOR-GOLD program is the newest of the four. It runs under the Citizenship (Special Naturalization) Regulation, 2026, rooted in the Sierra Leone Citizenship Act of 1973 (amended 2021). Applications go through authorized Official Partners.
What makes it unusual: there are three separate pathways with different price points, timelines, and eligibility requirements. There's also an escrow guarantee. Your money isn't charged unless the application is approved. If you're refused, you get it back minus administrative fees.
What it costs
Option 1, Permanent Residency (40 days): An irrevocable contribution of about USD 65,000 plus 1 kg of LBMA-standard 999.9 gold (roughly USD 80,000-90,000 at current prices), held in the Central Bank of Sierra Leone for five years. Total: around USD 145,000-155,000+.
Option 2, Fast Track Citizenship (90 days): Non-refundable donation for national development. All-in package (program fees, legal, due diligence, documentation) runs about USD 140,000.
Option 3, Heritage Citizenship (60 days): Available only to individuals who can prove African descent through DNA testing. Reduced cost at roughly USD 100,000. This pathway doesn't exist in any other CBI program.
How long it takes
Depends on the pathway: 40 days for permanent residency, 60 days for heritage citizenship, 90 days for fast track. Everything can be handled offshore. The Special Naturalization Regulation explicitly allows applications to be submitted and processed entirely outside Sierra Leone.
Where the passport gets you
Visa-free access to about 62-67 destinations. The biggest mobility gain is free movement across the ECOWAS bloc of 16 West African countries. Beyond that: Singapore, Barbados, Jamaica, Fiji, Kenya, Mauritius, and others across Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia.
Fewer destinations on paper than Vanuatu or Nauru, but the ECOWAS angle is the point here. West Africa's economy has been growing fast, and having free movement across 16 countries in the bloc is worth more than the headline number suggests.
What's different about this one
A few things stand out. The gold component in the permanent residency pathway means you're acquiring a physical asset (1 kg of gold) held in a sovereign central bank. GFG Club members can also buy Sierra Leone-mined gold bullion at a 2% discount to market, up to 20 kg over five years.
The program's legal framework includes a provision deeming all applicants to be of Negro-African descent for purposes of the Citizenship Act. This resolves a historical eligibility restriction that would otherwise limit the program to people of African heritage.
There's also a Declaration of Status requirement: applicants must confirm they have financial resources, assets, or income of at least USD 1 million. That's a higher wealth threshold than the other three programs.
Where it gets complicated
It's the newest program here, and you can feel it. Some operational details are still being ironed out. The fast track route at USD 140,000 gets you Vanuatu-level pricing but without Vanuatu-level passport strength. Heritage Citizenship at USD 100,000 is a better deal, but the DNA requirement limits who can use it. And the gold-backed residency path, while genuinely different from anything else on the market, costs more than a straight donation in most competing programs once you add up the contribution and the gold purchase.
Side-by-side comparison
Cost (single applicant)
| Program | Minimum contribution | Estimated total | Refundable portion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sao Tome and Principe | USD 90,000 | ~USD 95,750 | None |
| Nauru (promotional) | USD 90,000 | ~USD 125,500 | None |
| Vanuatu (DSP) | USD 130,000 | ~USD 138,000+ | None |
| Vanuatu (CIIP) | USD 107,000 + USD 50,000 investment | ~USD 157,000+ | USD 50,000 (after 5 years) |
| Sierra Leone (Heritage) | ~USD 100,000 | ~USD 100,000 | None |
| Sierra Leone (Fast Track) | ~USD 140,000 | ~USD 140,000 | Refunded if denied |
| Nauru (standard) | USD 115,000 | ~USD 150,500 | None |
Processing speed
| Program | Typical timeline | Fastest reported |
|---|---|---|
| Vanuatu | 30-60 days | ~30 days |
| Sierra Leone (PR) | 40 days | 40 days |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 6-8 weeks | ~4 weeks |
| Sierra Leone (Heritage) | 60 days | 60 days |
| Sierra Leone (Fast Track) | 90 days | 90 days |
| Nauru | 3-4 months | ~3 months |
Passport strength
| Program | Visa-free/VOA destinations | Notable access | Approx. global rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vanuatu | ~95-118 | UK, Schengen (ETIAS), Singapore, Hong Kong, Russia | ~40th |
| Nauru | ~87-119 | UK, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, UAE | ~60th |
| Sierra Leone | ~62-67 | ECOWAS (16 countries), Singapore, Kenya, Barbados | ~74th |
| Sao Tome and Principe | ~61 | Singapore, Hong Kong, South Africa + CPLP pathway | ~75th |
Feature comparison
| Feature | Sao Tome | Vanuatu | Nauru | Sierra Leone |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tax benefits | Standard | No income/capital gains/inheritance tax | Standard | Tax residency available |
| Regional bloc | CPLP | Pacific Islands Forum | Pacific Islands Forum | ECOWAS |
| Pathway to major economy | Portugal, Brazil (via CPLP) | No | No | No |
| Fully remote | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Travel required | No | No | No | No |
| Biometrics required | No | No | TBC | No |
| Dual citizenship | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Crypto as source of funds | Yes (with proof) | Yes | Yes | Yes (USDT/USD) |
| Investment component | None | Optional (CNO Fund) | None | Gold (PR route) |
| Family pricing edge | Strong | Moderate | Moderate | Heritage discount |
So which one?
If you're playing a long game, Sao Tome and Principe makes the most sense. The passport on its own is limited, but CPLP membership opens a real path to Portuguese or Brazilian citizenship down the line. It's the cheapest program here for a single applicant, and families get the best pricing in the industry (USD 5,000 more for up to three extra dependents).
Vanuatu is for people who want the strongest passport and the fastest timeline. Roughly double the visa-free access of Sao Tome or Sierra Leone, passport in hand within 30 days, and the CIIP route gives you a shot at recovering USD 50,000 after five years. It's the most expensive option here, but it's also the most proven. The zero income tax environment is its own separate draw.
Nauru makes sense if Asia-Pacific mobility is your priority and you can file before June 30, 2026. The promotional rate brings the contribution to USD 90,000, but remember the fees push total cost to around USD 125,500. The passport covers more ground than Sao Tome's, especially across Asia. After the discount window closes, though, you'd want to compare Nauru's pricing against Vanuatu's more carefully.
Sierra Leone is a different kind of bet. If you're of African descent and qualify for Heritage Citizenship at USD 100,000, it's a solid deal with a cultural dimension no other program offers. If you have business interests across West Africa, ECOWAS free movement across 16 countries is the real selling point. The gold-backed residency path and the escrow guarantee (full refund if denied) add options that don't exist elsewhere.
Bottom line
The Caribbean's hold on the budget CBI market is over. These four programs each solve a different problem: cheapest possible entry (Sao Tome), fastest and strongest passport (Vanuatu), Asia-Pacific reach at a discount (Nauru), or African regional access with a gold-backed option (Sierra Leone).
All four can be completed remotely, all accept cryptocurrency as source of funds, and all come in under what the Caribbean programs now charge. The question isn't which program is "best." It's which problem you're solving.
At CitizenX, we can help with all four programs. If you want help figuring out which one fits your situation, reach out for a free consultation.
Disclaimer: This information is current as of March 2026 and is for informational purposes only. Program terms, pricing, and regulations can change. Contact our team for the latest details before making any decisions. This article is not legal or financial advice.
