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Dual Citizenship Index

Dual citizenship, or multiple citizenship, is a legal status in which a person is recognized as a citizen by more than one country. Find out which countries allow dual nationality.

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Harvard Dataverse
Harvard Dataverse
EUI Global Citizenship Observatory

144

Countries allow dual citizenship

53

Countries not allow dual citizenship

29

Countries with conditions/exceptions

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Conditions

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Conditions

Brazil

Brunei

Conditions

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Conditions

Canada

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Conditions

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo (Democratic Republic)

Conditions

Congo (Republic)

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

Conditions

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Eswatini

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Conditions

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kosovo

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Liechtenstein

Conditions

Lithuania

Luxembourg

North Macedonia

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Conditions

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia

Moldova

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Conditions

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

Conditions

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Conditions

Niger

Nigeria

Conditions

North Korea

Norway

Oman

Conditions

Pakistan

Palau

Palestinian Territory

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Conditions

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Russia

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

Conditions

Sao Tome and Principe

Conditions

Saudi Arabia

Conditions

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Conditions

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

Conditions

South Korea

South Sudan

Spain

Conditions

Sri Lanka

Conditions

Sudan

Suriname

Sweden

Switzerland

Syria

Taiwan

Tajikistan

Conditions

Tanzania

Conditions

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Togo

Conditions

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Conditions

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Vatican City State

Venezuela

Vietnam

Yemen

Conditions

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Conditions

144 Countries allow dual citizenship

53 Countries do not allow dual citizenship

144

Countries allow dual citizenship

53

Countries not allow dual citizenship

29

Countries with conditions/exceptions

144 Countries allow dual citizenship

53 Countries do not allow dual citizenship

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua and Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Conditions

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Botswana

Conditions

Brazil

Brunei

Conditions

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Conditions

Canada

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Conditions

Chad

Chile

China

Colombia

Comoros

Congo (Democratic Republic)

Conditions

Congo (Republic)

Costa Rica

Cote d'Ivoire

Conditions

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Ethiopia

Eswatini

Fiji

Finland

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

India

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Japan

Conditions

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Kosovo

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Libya

Liechtenstein

Conditions

Lithuania

Luxembourg

North Macedonia

Madagascar

Malawi

Malaysia

Conditions

Maldives

Mali

Malta

Marshall Islands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Micronesia

Moldova

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Mozambique

Myanmar

Namibia

Conditions

Nauru

Nepal

Netherlands

Conditions

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Conditions

Niger

Nigeria

Conditions

North Korea

Norway

Oman

Conditions

Pakistan

Palau

Palestinian Territory

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Conditions

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Qatar

Romania

Russia

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Samoa

San Marino

Conditions

Sao Tome and Principe

Conditions

Saudi Arabia

Conditions

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Conditions

Solomon Islands

Somalia

South Africa

Conditions

South Korea

South Sudan

Spain

Conditions

Sri Lanka

Conditions

Sudan

Suriname

Sweden

Switzerland

Syria

Taiwan

Tajikistan

Conditions

Tanzania

Conditions

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Togo

Conditions

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Conditions

Tunisia

Turkey

Turkmenistan

Tuvalu

Uganda

Ukraine

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Vatican City State

Venezuela

Vietnam

Yemen

Conditions

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Conditions

Benefits of dual citizenship.

Discover a world of unparalleled freedom as a citizen of multiple countries and learn how you can benefit from being a dual citizen.

Global mobility

Many passports limit visa-free travel and restrict where you can work and live. A second passport enhances your mobility and chances to get yet another foreign nationality.

Tax optimization

As a dual citizen, you can access tax-friendly jurisdictions – and renounce your ‌country of origin's passport to avoid citizenship-based taxation.

Political rights

Dual nationality allows you to participate in the political process of both countries, including the right to vote and eligibility to run for public office.

Family privileges

Depending on the countries involved, you may be able to sponsor family members for citizenship or permanent residence more easily.

Security and services

Dual citizenship makes you eligible for each country's benefits, such as consular services abroad, free healthcare, and education at domestic student rates.

Financial opportunities

Dual citizenship allows you to pursue exclusive opportunities in your home country, for example, in jurisdictions that don't allow non-citizen land ownership.

Benefits of dual citizenship.

Discover a world of unparalleled freedom as a citizen of multiple countries and learn how you can benefit from being a dual citizen.

Global mobility

Many passports limit visa-free travel and restrict where you can work and live. A second passport enhances your mobility and chances to get yet another foreign nationality.

Tax optimization

As a dual citizen, you can access tax-friendly jurisdictions – and renounce your ‌country of origin's passport to avoid citizenship-based taxation.

Political rights

Dual nationality allows you to participate in the political process of both countries, including the right to vote and eligibility to run for public office.

Family privileges

Depending on the countries involved, you may be able to sponsor family members for citizenship or permanent residence more easily.

Security and services

Dual citizenship makes you eligible for each country's benefits, such as consular services abroad, free healthcare, and education at domestic student rates.

Financial opportunities

Dual citizenship allows you to pursue exclusive opportunities in your home country, for example, in jurisdictions that don't allow non-citizen land ownership.

Benefits of dual citizenship.

Discover a world of unparalleled freedom as a citizen of multiple countries and learn how you can benefit from being a dual citizen.

Global mobility

Many passports limit visa-free travel and restrict where you can work and live. A second passport enhances your mobility and chances to get yet another foreign nationality.

Tax optimization

As a dual citizen, you can access tax-friendly jurisdictions – and renounce your ‌country of origin's passport to avoid citizenship-based taxation.

Political rights

Dual nationality allows you to participate in the political process of both countries, including the right to vote and eligibility to run for public office.

Family privileges

Depending on the countries involved, you may be able to sponsor family members for citizenship or permanent residence more easily.

Security and services

Dual citizenship makes you eligible for each country's benefits, such as consular services abroad, free healthcare, and education at domestic student rates.

Financial opportunities

Dual citizenship allows you to pursue exclusive opportunities in your home country, for example, in jurisdictions that don't allow non-citizen land ownership.

How to get dual citizenship.

Discover a world of unparalleled freedom as a citizen of another country and learn how you can benefit from being a dual citizen.

Citizenship by naturalization

Most countries have a naturalization process that allows you to become a naturalized citizen after enough time living there and passing their citizenship application and Oath of Allegiance.

Citizenship by marriage

Certain nations provide an expedited path to citizenship for foreigners who wed a national.

Citizenship by birth

Countries with "jus solis" citizenship law grant citizenship to those born in their land. These countries only consider the country of birth, regardless of the nationality of their parents.

Citizenship by investment

Economic citizenship programs allow people to quickly acquire citizenship by making a significant contribution to the host country.

FAQs about dual citizenship

What are the disadvantages of having dual citizenship?

Dual citizenship has potential drawbacks depending on the country's laws, such as citizen obligations, increased bureaucracy, cumbersome passport renewals, military service, double taxation, and being bound by the laws of both nations.

How does dual citizenship affect taxes?

Having dual citizenship can impact your tax obligations, as you may be subject to taxation in both countries. If you're a citizen of a country with citizenship-based taxation (ie. US citizens), you will pay income tax regardless of the country where you are a tax or permanent resident.

How to renounce dual citizenship?

To renounce dual citizenship, you have to give up one (or more) of your passports. The citizenship renunciation process is different in different countries.

Which passport should dual citizens use?

When traveling to a foreign country, you can use whatever foreign passport you'd like to enter – preferrably one with visa-free access.

However, when you are entering one of your home countries you have to use the domestic passport or alternative form of national ID, even if you hold any other foreign citizenships.

How do I pass on dual citizenship to my children?

If you hold citizenship in a country that allows citizenship by descent, your children can automatically qualify for that citizenship as well.

If your child is born in a country that grants birthright citizenship (jus soli), they will automatically gain citizenship of that country, regardless of your own citizenship status.

Lastly, registering your child's birth with the appropriate foreign authorities can also help establish their dual citizenship status.

Do any countries allow triple citizenship?

Yes, several countries allow their citizens to hold triple citizenship or more. These are generally countries whose nationality laws allow dual citizenship without restrictions.

Countries Offering Dual Citizenship

Countries Offering Dual Citizenship

Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Democratic Republic Congo Republic Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Eswatini Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City State Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
  • Naval Ravikant

    Naval Ravikant · Angel Investor

    The single most important decision you make is where you live

  • Ray Dalio

    Ray Dalio · Investor

    Location, the physical place where you live and work, can be a risk. Flexiblity is key.

  • Balaji Srinivasan

    Balaji Srinivasan · Investor in CitizenX

    Money is king. But passport is queen.

  • Tim Draper

    Tim Draper · Investor in CitizenX

    I am a member of this new country.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Join the future of citizenship.

Apply to become a citizen in your next homeland.

The Network State Company AG

Bahnhofstrasse 20
6300 Zug, Switzerland


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CitizenX is a technology service providing legal information and access to self-service tools. We are not a law firm and do not provide legal, tax, or accounting advice. If you have unique considerations, please talk with a lawyer in your jurisdiction before proceeding.

  • Naval Ravikant

    Naval Ravikant · Angel Investor

    The single most important decision you make is where you live

  • Ray Dalio

    Ray Dalio · Investor

    Location, the physical place where you live and work, can be a risk. Flexiblity is key.

  • Balaji Srinivasan

    Balaji Srinivasan · Investor in CitizenX

    Money is king. But passport is queen.

  • Tim Draper

    Tim Draper · Investor in CitizenX

    I am a member of this new country.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Join the future of citizenship.

Apply to become a citizen in your next homeland.

The Network State Company AG

Bahnhofstrasse 20
6300 Zug, Switzerland